ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Fernerkundungsdaten aus dem optischen und dem Mikrowellenbereich wurden hinsichtlich der Klassifizierung von Landnutzung und –degradation sowie der Siedlungserkennung ausgewertet, um damit einen flächenhaften und aktuellen Beitrag zu wasserwirtschaftlichen Problemen im südlichen Afrika zu  leisten. Neben der Entwicklung eines GIS-basierten Decision Support Systems unter Berücksichtigung von Wasserangebot, -qualität, -bedarf und - zuteilung der unterschiedlichen Nutzergruppen stand dabei die Simulation von Wasser- und Stoffflüssen unter Verwendung von physikalisch basierten Modellen mit Fernerkundungsinput im Vordergrund. Das Resultat, ein integriertes System zur nachhaltigen Wasserbewirtschaftung, ist ein innovatives computerbasiertes System, bestehend aus getesteten, validierten und dokumentierten Prozeduren, die die oben genannten Technologien umfassen.

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Geospatial industry is firmly rooted in Middle East. Political will, abundant resources, high degree of awareness and aspiration to excel have made governments in the region to invest in latest applications, making it a fertile  ground for geospatial technologies.

One of the enduring impressions of any visit to the Middle East (ME) is the ‘forest’ of tower cranes. Building activity seems to be never ending in this part of the world. There is another activity, equally vigorous though not as visible and that is the building up of spatial data infrastructures in the states that make up the GCC. Beginning with Qatar, the efforts have spread to all the states and significant progress has been made. As Zul Jiwani points out, the necessary ingredients for this success are a patron, a field clear of the baggage of legacy, a receptive clientele and adequate financial resources. Understanding the user needs and catering to a variety of users from security agencies to the public drives many of these efforts. Each agency has its own way of meeting its user needs. As systems mature, so do users and the needs grow.

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WELCOME TO THIS TUTORIAL, a training manual for learning the role of Remote Sensing - that aspect of space science and technology that relies mainly on sensors on satellites and mounted in telescopes to monitor Earth, other planetary bodies and distant stars and galaxies. (It also serves to review the so-called space programs [U.S. and international] in general and the history of space exploration in particular.) Observing the Earth will be the main focus of the Tutorial as this has the most obvious payoff for mankind. But while reaching to the edge of the Solar System and ultimately much farther out to the edge of the Universe seems mostly “academic”, we shall try to demonstrate why, in the long run, those extraterrestrial endeavors that depend on remote sensing may make the greatest contributions to useful knowledge of value to humankind’s future.

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INTRODUCTION
This project is a demonstration of how to analyze climate projections from a Global Climate Model (GCM) in a Geographic Information System (GIS). This demonstration projects uses climate datasets generated by the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) for the IPCC 4th Assessment Report and distributed through the NCAR GIS Initiative Climate Change Scenarios portal in a GIS format. In this demonstration, we compare model output of a present day climate with future climate projections. Many atmospheric and land variables are available from the CCSM and the GIS Climate Change portal. Here, we demonstrate GIS-based analysis of the Northern hemisphere summer months’ temperature anomaly in 2030 with respect to the average summer temperatures of present-day climate. The demonstration is performed using ESRI ArcGIS software with an ArcInfo license.

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1 EINLEITUNG
Aufgrund der rasanten technologischen Entwicklung der letzten Jahren, erlebten die Methoden der  Bildverarbeitung tiefgreifende Veränderungen, die sich auf die Art der Problemlösungen in der Fernerkundung auswirkten. (Ehlers, 1995) sieht die rasante Hardware- und Software-Entwicklung im GIS-Bereich (Geographische-Informations Systeme), die wachsende Verfügbarkeit an hochauflösenden Sensordaten und die Fortschritte in der Automation auf dem Feld der Bildanalyse als die bedeutensten Ursachen an. DenWissenschaftlern der Gegenwart stellt sich das Problem der anwachsenden Datenmengen, ihrer Kombination und der Auswahl des besten Datentypes zur L¨osung eines bestimmten Problems. Die Annahme, daß die Fernerkundung allein alle Probleme l¨osen kann ist falsch, denn zur Auswertung dieser Daten sind zusätzliche Informationen undWissen über die Natur der Objekte und ihrer Umwelt notwendig.

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GIS in Geowissenschaften und Umwelt

Die vielfältigen Einsatzmöglichkeiten eines Geographischen Informationssystems - kurz GIS - werden in diesem Buch anhand von konkreten Projekten aus der umweltrelevanten geowissenschaftlichen Praxis aufgezeigt. Die Themen kommen aus der Raumplanung, der Deponiestandortfindung, der Altlastenproblematik, der Küstenforschung, der Untersuchung von Schadstoffeinträgen in den Boden sowie am Beispiel eines Umweltinformationssystems aus der kommunalen Praxis. Anschaulich und praxisnah werden die Vorteile eines GIS bei den verschiedensten Aufgabenstellungen beschrieben, ohne dabei Problempunkte und noch vorhandene Defizite zu verschweigen. Anhand zahlreicher Farbabbildungen werden die Visualisierungsmöglichkeiten, die ein GIS bietet, eindrucksvoll dargestellt.

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Thinking About GIS

Describes how to implement a successful geographic information system.

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Proper use from water resources, especially in arid and semi arid of Iranian rangeland are very important. In this area water is one of a valuable ecosystem component. The study was conducted in Ghareh Aghach watershed region is located, Isfahan province, in central part of Iran. Four criteria’s of water quality, water quantity, water distance and livestock information were integrated to water resources suitability for goats grazing. According to the results, water distance and accessibility to water is a most declining factor for suitability. A quality and quantity factor is a no limiting factor in part of study area. The results show that from 7158.69 ha of studied rangelands, 6245.93 ha (87.25%) classified as S1 class (with no limitation), 810.58 ha (11.32%) classified as S2 class (with low limitation), and 102.3 ha (1.43%) classified as N class (non suitable). Based up on slope classes, areas that far from water point more than 75% of slope is not suitable and less than 15% are very suitable. Good distribution of water resources increases water suitability and cause better and monotonous utilization of rangeland.

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Introduction
Less than ten days ago, a deadly earthquake devastated the Iranian city of Bam, killing more than 30,000 people and injuring another 50,000. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern Iranian history, and similar in destruction to the Roudbar earthquake in northern Iran in 1990. Historical information and all available records show that approximately 130 large earthquakes have taken place in most parts of Iran. Considering the high seismicity of Iran, a comprehensive hazard reduction program was launched in Iran in 1991, but the effectiveness of the measures have been limited by lack of adequate funding and institutional coordination. There is no lack of probabilistic studies on the seismicity of the country as well as fault studies. Comprehensive studies have been performed by Berberian (1999, 2001), Amiri et al. (2003), Sarkar et al. (2003), Modarressi (2002), Walker (2002) and Tehranizadeh (2001, 2002). A more detailed bibliography is presented at the end of this document.

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Aerial and Spaceborne Ten-Year Trends
USGS 2008-2018 Africa Remote Sensing Study

Africa is a continent as large as China, India, Argentina, the United States of America and Western Europe combined. With a population of over 922 million (as of 2005 and projected by the United Nations to reach one billion by 2010) Africa has four main regional languages (i.e. English, French, Portuguese and Arabic) and almost 200 local languages. The three largest countries in Africa in terms of population are Nigeria (133 million as of 2006), Egypt (79 million) and Ethiopia (77 million). Africa faces some of the greatest geospatial data needs and issues found anywhere in the world, considering the high levels of poverty, deforestation and desertification, coupled with the political and societal unrest in individual countries. The USGS 2008 Africa Remote Sensing Study received an excellent response rate of 377 respondents from over 30 countries; as compared to a 2005 GIS study in Africa that focused on 600 qualified GIS professionals and resulted in 62 responses from 18 countries. Much of that low response was due to lack of telecommunication infrastructure. The USGS 2008 survey is an excellent sign that wireless technology is making some advances and allowing greater access to the internet and to geospatial data, although infrastructure is still an issue in Africa.

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